What are the 8 types of vivah in Hinduism?

Short answer

The eight classical forms of Hindu marriage are Brahma, Daiva, Arsha, Prajapatya, Asura, Gandharva, Rakshasa and Paishacha, ranging from blessed unions to those once considered improper.

Ancient Hindu texts describe eight forms of marriage, though only some are commonly followed today. The first four are generally viewed as acceptable, while the last four were traditionally discouraged.

Brahma vivah is the most respected form, where the father gives his daughter to a learned man with gifts and blessings. Daiva vivah involves giving the bride to a priest during a ritual. Arsha vivah is a simple exchange of a cow and a bull, and Prajapatya vivah is a union made with mutual duties and responsibilities.

The remaining forms include Asura, where the groom gives wealth for the bride; Gandharva, a love match without family approval; Rakshasa, a bride taken by force; and Paishacha, a union with a woman who is unconscious or unaware. These last three were seen as improper in traditional teachings.

Today, most Hindu weddings in the UK follow the Brahma or Prajapatya forms, adapted to modern life. Couples often choose elements that reflect their beliefs and family wishes. If you are unsure about which form fits your plans, speak with your priest or family elder. For legal registration, check GOV.UK or your local register office.