Short answer
A skilled seamstress can usually take a wedding dress in by about two to three sizes without losing the design. Going beyond this risks altering the silhouette, the boning or the fabric pattern, so check with the specialist before agreeing.
The amount a dress can be let out or taken in depends on the design, the fabric and how much seam allowance was left by the maker. A simple A-line gown may allow more adjustment than a heavily beaded mermaid style. Taking a dress in is generally easier than letting it out, because there is often extra fabric hidden inside the seams.
If you need to go down more than a few sizes, the dress may need more than simple alterations. The seamstress might need to re-cut panels, move the boning or rebuild the bodice. This is possible but costs more and can change the look of the dress. Some designs simply cannot be altered much at all.
Ask the seamstress to assess the dress before you book. They can tell you how much is realistic and whether the change will affect the balance of the gown. It is also wise to confirm the cost and the timeline for larger structural work. A good specialist will be honest about what is safe and what is not, and will suggest alternatives if the alteration is too risky.
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